CHAPTER 1

The Principle of Counting

Master the real foundation of combinations. If this becomes automatic, permutations and combinations become almost trivial.

Master Counting Principle

This is the real foundation. If this becomes automatic, permutations and combinations become almost trivial.

Core Idea

If one thing can happen in a ways and another thing can happen in b ways, then total ways: a × b

This is called the multiplication/counting principle.

Real Intuition

Suppose you have 3 shirts and 2 pants. How many outfits?

Outfit
Shirt1
Pant1
Pant2
Shirt2
Pant1
Pant2
Shirt3
Pant1
Pant2

Your brain should SEE this:
Shirt1 → Pant1, Pant2
Shirt2 → Pant1, Pant2
Shirt3 → Pant1, Pant2

So: 3 × 2 = 6

NOT because a formula says so. Because: Each shirt pairs with ALL pants.

Another Example

2 burgers
3 drinks
4 desserts
Total meals?

If 1 Burger is chosen:
Drink 1
4 Desserts choices
Drink 2
4 Desserts choices
Drink 3
4 Desserts choices

Your brain should think:
For EACH burger: 3 drink choices
For EACH drink: 4 dessert choices

$$ 2 \times 3 \times 4 = 24 $$

Your New Mental Model

Whenever you see a problem ask: 'At this step how many choices exist?' Then multiply. That is the counting principle.

Practice Until Automatic

Do these mentally.

Practice 1
4 t-shirts, 5 jeans. Total outfits?
Answer: 4 × 5 = 20

Practice 2
3 starters, 2 main courses, 4 desserts. Total meals?
Answer: 3 × 2 × 4 = 24

Practice 3
A password has: 2 letters, 3 digits.
If each letter has 26 choices and each digit has 10 choices, total passwords?
Your brain should think: 26 × 26 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 26² × 10³

Ready to test your intuition?

Practice Questions for this Chapter